Phencyclidine (PCP) Addiction: Signs, Causes, Effects, Treatment, and Prevention

Phencyclidine, commonly known as PCP or angel dust, is a potent synthetic drug initially developed as a surgical anesthetic in the 1950s. However, due to its severe psychedelic effects and potential for abuse, its medical use was discontinued. Today, PCP is classified as a Schedule II controlled substance, notorious for its addictive properties when abused recreationally.

Phencyclidine (PCP) addiction manifests through various signs that indicate both physical and behavioral changes in individuals. These signs include hostile or aggressive behavior, isolation from loved ones, and neglect of work, school, or home responsibilities[. Physical symptoms such as numbness in limbs, impaired motor skills, and speech problems are also prevalent among PCP users.

The causes of PCP addiction are multifaceted, involving both chemical mechanisms and psychological/social factors. PCP disrupts neurotransmitter systems in the brain, affecting serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine, and glutamate, which regulate mood, pleasure, and cognitive functions. Psychological factors like underlying mental health issues (e.g., depression, anxiety) and genetic predisposition to substance abuse contribute significantly. Social influences such as peer pressure and exposure to environments where drug use is normalized also play a role in the development of addiction.

PCP addiction leads to a range of effects, both short-term and long-term. Short-term effects include intense hallucinations, detachment from reality, and erratic behavior. Long-term consequences encompass persistent cognitive impairments, mental health disorders like anxiety and depression, and physical health issues such as liver damage and renal failure. The drug’s fat-soluble nature also leads to delayed effects, including recurrent hallucinations and prolonged psychological symptoms.

Treatment options for PCP addiction involve a comprehensive approach that includes medical detoxification, behavioral therapies like cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), support groups, and aftercare planning. Detox helps manage withdrawal symptoms, while therapies address the underlying psychological issues driving addiction. 

Preventing PCP addiction requires education about its dangers, early intervention in cases of mental health disorders, promoting healthy coping mechanisms, and fostering strong support networks within families and communities. By raising awareness and encouraging healthy lifestyles, you mitigate the risks associated with PCP addiction and support those in need of recovery.

What is Phencyclidine (PCP) Addiction?

Phencyclidine, commonly known as PCP or angel dust, is a powerful synthetic drug with a notorious reputation. Initially developed as a surgical anesthetic, PCP was discontinued for medical use due to its severe side effects. According to Bey T, Patel A. et al. 2007, “Phencyclidine intoxication and adverse effects: a clinical and pharmacological review of an illicit drug,” it is classified as a Schedule II controlled substance, recognized for its high potential for abuse and addiction. 

PCP was first synthesized in 1926 and introduced as a surgical anesthetic in the 1950s under the brand name Sernyl. However, its use in humans was discontinued in 1965 due to severe psychedelic side effects, including delusions and hallucinations, as mentioned by Schuckit, M.A. et al. 2000, “Phencyclidine (PCP). In: Drug and Alcohol Abuse.” By the 1960s, PCP emerged as a popular street drug, often manufactured in illicit laboratories.

Forms and Street Names

PCP is available in various forms, such as powder, tablets, and liquid. The powder form varies in color from white to dark brown, with the purity often indicated by its whiteness. Common street names for PCP include:

• Angel Dust
• Ozone
• Wack
• Embalming Fluid
• Wet (when PCP is in liquid form and used to dip cigarettes)

How Phencyclidine (PCP) is Ingested?

PCP is often ingested in multiple ways:

• Orally: In pill form.
• Smoked: Often sprinkled on marijuana or tobacco.
• Snorted: Inhaled as powder.
• Injected: In liquid form.

What are the Causes of Phencyclidine (PCP) Addiction?

Phencyclidine (PCP) addiction is a complex condition influenced by various chemical, psychological, and social factors. Understanding these underlying causes provides valuable insights into why individuals start using PCP and how addiction develops. 

Chemical Mechanism

PCP’s addictive potential is largely due to its profound effects on the brain’s neurotransmitter systems. The drug inhibits the reuptake of serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine, which are crucial for regulating mood, emotions, and pleasure. By blocking these neurotransmitters, PCP creates an artificial and intense sense of euphoria, which leads users to seek out the drug to recreate these feelings repeatedly. 

Additionally, PCP blocks NMDA receptors, which play a significant role in controlling the action of glutamate, a neurotransmitter involved in cognitive functions, emotions, and pain perception. According to Jentsch, J., Roth, R., et al. 1999, “The Neuropsychopharmacology of Phencyclidine: From NMDA Receptor Hypofunction to the Dopamine Hypothesis of Schizophrenia.” This disruption results in the drug’s characteristic hallucinogenic and dissociative effects, making users feel detached from reality and their bodies. The combination of these effects significantly increases the risk of addiction as users become reliant on the drug’s mind-altering experiences.

Psychological and Social Factors

Individuals with underlying mental health issues are particularly vulnerable to PCP addiction. Conditions such as depression, anxiety, and trauma drive individuals to seek out substances like PCP to escape their emotional pain or distress. The drug’s powerful mind-altering effects provide a temporary respite from these issues, making it appealing to those struggling with mental health disorders. 

According to Aniline, O., & Pitts, F. N. et al. 1982, “Phencyclidine (PCP): A Review and Perspectives,” this self-medication quickly leads to dependence and addiction as the underlying psychological problems remain unaddressed and even worsen with continued drug use.

• Psychological Factors: Individuals with underlying mental health issues such as depression, anxiety, or trauma turn to PCP for its mind-altering effects. 
• Social Environment: Peer pressure, social acceptance, and exposure to environments where drug use is prevalent increase the likelihood of PCP experimentation and subsequent addiction. 
• Genetic Predisposition: A family history of substance abuse increases an individual’s susceptibility to addiction.

What are the Signs and Symptoms of Phencyclidine (PCP) Addiction?

PCP has a range of behavioral, physical, and psychological symptoms that indicate abuse and dependence. Additionally, understanding the signs of overdose is vital for preventing potentially fatal consequences.

Behavioral Symptoms

The behavioral symptoms of Phencyclidine (PCP) addiction include:

• Over 50% of adult patients present with the classic toxidrome of PCP intoxication present hostile or aggressive behavior, according to Bey T, Patel A. et al. 2007, “Phencyclidine intoxication and adverse effects: a clinical and pharmacological review of an illicit drug.” 
• Isolation and withdrawal from family and friends
• Neglect of Responsibilities at work, school, or home

Physical Symptoms

The physical symptoms of Phencyclidine (PCP) addiction include:

• Numbness: A common physical symptom of PCP use is numbness in the arms and legs. This loss of sensation is unsettling and dangerous, as it leads to unintentional injuries due to the inability to feel pain or other sensory inputs, as discussed by Brust JC. et al. 2014, “Neurologic complications of illicit drug abuse.”
• Impaired Motor Skills: PCP significantly impairs motor skills, making coordination and movement difficult. Users have trouble walking, exhibit clumsiness, or experience muscle stiffness. These impairments increase the risk of accidents and injuries.
• Speech Problems: Individuals under the influence of PCP often exhibit speech problems, such as slurred or incoherent speech. These difficulties arise from the drug’s impact on the central nervous system, which affects the brain’s ability to control the muscles involved in speech production.

Psychological Symptoms

The psychological symptoms of Phencyclidine (PCP) addiction include:

• Paranoia and Hallucinations
• Mood Swings
• Memory Loss

What are the Signs of Overdose of Phencyclidine (PCP) Addiction?

Overdose symptoms vary widely but are typically severe and life-threatening, including:

• Agitation and Hyperactivity
• Severe Hallucinations or Delusions
• Catatonic State

Physical Symptoms of Overdose of Phencyclidine (PCP) Addiction?

Overdose on PCP also manifests in a range of physical symptoms, including:

• Drooling: Excessive saliva production is a common sign.
• Irregular Heartbeat: The person experiences arrhythmias or palpitations.
• Seizures: Overdose triggers convulsions, which are dangerous without medical assistance.
• Reduced Blood Pressure and Body Temperature: The blood pressure and body temperature drop to dangerously low levels, risking shock or hypothermia.

What are the Short-Term Effects of Phencyclidine (PCP) Addiction?

The short-term effects of PCP include intense hallucinations, feelings of detachment from reality, and significant changes in sensory perceptions. Users also experience agitation, euphoria, impaired motor skills, and unpredictable mood swings.

Immediate Symptoms

The effects of PCP vary based on the purity, method of ingestion, and dosage. Common short-term effects include:

• Sensory Distortions: Changes in perception of body image, sight, sound, shapes, and time.
• Feelings of Detachment: Dissociation from oneself and the environment.
• Euphoria and Agitation: Intense feelings of euphoria followed by agitation, according to Bey T, Patel A. et al. 2007, “Phencyclidine intoxication and adverse effects: a clinical and pharmacological review of an illicit drug.” 
• Physical Symptoms: Increased heart rate, shallow breathing, dizziness, and disorientation.

Dose-Dependent Effects

The dose-dependent effects of PCP addiction are: 

Dose Range	Effects
Low to Moderate	Sensory distortions, detachment, mild hallucinations
High	Severe hallucinations, paranoia, violent behavior, psychotic symptoms

What are the Long-Term Effects of Phencyclidine (PCP) Addiction?

Long-term use of PCP leads to severe psychological and cognitive impairments, such as persistent memory loss, depression, and anxiety. Chronic users also develop lasting speech difficulties, social withdrawal, and an increased risk of psychosis and suicidal thoughts.

Chronic Use Consequences

Prolonged use of PCP leads to significant physical and psychological health issues, including:

• Cognitive Impairments: Memory loss, speech difficulties, and impaired cognitive functions.
• Mental Health Issues: Persistent anxiety, depression, and psychosis.
• Physical Health Problems: Weight loss, liver damage, and renal failure.
• Social and Behavioral Issues: Isolation, decline in hygiene, and relationship problems.

Delayed Effects

PCP is fat-soluble, stored in fat tissues, and released slowly. This leads to prolonged and fluctuating symptoms long after the initial use, including:

• Recurrence of Hallucinations: Flashbacks of hallucinatory experiences.
• Persistent Anxiety and Depression: Long-lasting mental health issues.

What are the Treatment Options for PCP Addiction?

Treatment for PCP addiction typically involves a combination of medical detoxification, behavioral therapy, and psychosocial support. Detox helps manage withdrawal symptoms, while therapies like cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) address the underlying psychological issues and help modify harmful behaviors. According to Domino EF. et al. 1979, “Treatment of Phencyclidine Intoxication,” comprehensive rehabilitation programs include group therapy, family counseling, and aftercare planning to support long-term recovery.

Detoxification

The first step in treating PCP addiction is detoxification, where the body is allowed to rid itself of the drug. This process is conducted under medical supervision due to the potential for severe withdrawal symptoms, including cravings, headaches, sweating, depression, and excessive sleep.

Behavioral Therapies

The common treatment options for PCP addiction are:

• Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT): Helps patients identify and change negative thought patterns and behaviors associated with PCP use.
• Motivational Interviewing (MI): Encourages patients to find the motivation to make positive changes and commit to recovery.
• Contingency Management (CM): Provides rewards for maintaining sobriety and participating in treatment programs.

Medication

While there are no specific medications approved for treating PCP addiction, certain drugs are used to manage withdrawal symptoms and co-occurring mental health disorders.

Support Groups

Participation in support groups such as Narcotics Anonymous (NA) provides ongoing support and encouragement from others who have experienced similar struggles with addiction.

How to Prevent PCP Addiction?

Preventing PCP addiction involves education and awareness about the drug’s dangers, promoting healthy coping mechanisms for stress and mental health issues, and fostering strong family and community support systems. According to Carol A. Petsonk C A et al. 1979, “Angel Dust:” An Overview of Abuse Patterns and Prevention Strategies,” early intervention in cases of mental health issues and avoiding environments where drug use is prevalent also play significant roles in prevention.

• Education and Awareness: Raising awareness about the dangers of PCP and providing accurate information about its effects helps prevent initial use. Education programs targeting young people and at-risk populations are particularly important.
• Early Intervention: Identifying and addressing early signs of PCP use and intervening before it progresses to addiction is crucial. This involves counseling, therapy, and support from family and friends.
• Healthy Lifestyle Choices: Encouraging healthy lifestyle choices and coping mechanisms reduce the likelihood of drug experimentation. Activities such as exercise, hobbies, and social engagement provide healthy alternatives to substance use.

How long does PCP stay in your system?

PCP can be detected in urine for up to 7-14 days after use, but it stays in your body for weeks or even months, particularly because it is stored in fatty tissues and released slowly over time.

Can PCP cause permanent brain damage?

Yes, chronic use of PCP leads to long-term cognitive impairments, including memory loss and difficulties with speech and thinking, potentially resulting in permanent brain damage.

Is there a cure for PCP addiction?

While there is no “cure” for addiction, PCP addiction is effectively managed with a combination of medical detoxification, behavioral therapies, and ongoing support to maintain long-term sobriety.

What are the risks of mixing PCP with other drugs?

Mixing PCP with other substances, especially depressants like alcohol or benzodiazepines, increases the risk of severe respiratory depression, coma, or death due to compounded effects on the central nervous system.

How can I help a loved one who is addicted to PCP?

Encourage them to seek professional treatment, offer support and understanding, and avoid enabling their drug use. Educate yourself about PCP addiction and consider joining a support group for family members of those with substance use disorders.