Kratom Addiction: Symptoms, Causes, Effects, and Treatment

Kratom, originating from Southeast Asia, has gained popularity globally for its dual effects as a stimulant and sedative. Initially used for its energy-boosting and pain-relieving properties, kratom has evolved into a substance with the potential for addiction. Despite being marketed as an herbal supplement in the US, its psychoactive nature and addictive potential remain a concern, necessitating a deeper understanding of its effects and treatment options.

Kratom addiction symptoms affect physical, psychological, and behavioral aspects. These signs often develop gradually, ranging from persistent itching and gastrointestinal issues to mood swings and social withdrawal. Recognizing these symptoms early is crucial for prompt intervention and effective treatment.

Several factors contribute to the development of kratom addiction. Personal history, including genetic predisposition and age-related vulnerabilities, plays a significant role. External stressors such as chronic pain, financial instability, and life changes also trigger kratom use as a coping mechanism. Moreover, co-occurring mental health conditions like anxiety, depression, and personality disorders aggravate addiction risks, complicating recovery efforts.

The effects of kratom addiction span both short-term and long-term consequences. Short-term effects include euphoria, increased energy, and sedation. At the same time, long-term use leads to physical dependence, withdrawal symptoms, and potential health complications like liver damage and mental health disorders.

Treatment options for kratom addiction typically involve a combination of medical and psychological approaches tailored to individual needs. Medically-assisted treatment (MAT) includes supervised detoxification and FDA-approved medications to manage withdrawal symptoms. Psychotherapy, such as individual counseling and group therapy, aims to address underlying issues, develop coping strategies, and prevent relapse. Both inpatient and outpatient provide structured environments and ongoing support essential for recovery.

What Is Kratom?

Kratom refers to the evergreen tree native to Southeast Asia and the products derived from its leaves. Traditionally, laborers and farmers ingested kratom leaves to increase energy and alleviate pain, while others used it as a substitute for opium. In the United States, kratom is marketed as an herbal supplement, but it is not approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for any medicinal use.

Kratom’s effects vary depending on the dosage. It acts as a stimulant at low doses, increasing alertness and energy. At higher doses, it produces soothing, opioid-like effects. People use kratom to self-treat symptoms such as depression, anxiety, physical pain, and opioid withdrawal. However, the psychoactive ingredient in kratom often leads to addiction, particularly with long-term use.

What are the Signs and Symptoms of Kratom Addiction?

The signs and symptoms of Kratom addiction include a gradual onset with various physical, psychological, and behavioral manifestations. Early recognition of these indicators is vital for prompt intervention and successful treatment.

Physical Symptoms

Physical symptoms of kratom addiction significantly impact the user’s health and daily functioning. These symptoms often emerge as the body reacts to the presence of kratom and attempts to adjust during periods of withdrawal. Understanding these signs helps in identifying kratom addiction and seeking appropriate medical care.

• Persistent itching is one of the more noticeable physical signs of kratom use. This symptom occurs due to the histamine release triggered by the active compounds in kratom, as discussed by Cutlip HA, Bushman E, Thottumari L, Mogallapu R, Ang-Rabanes M., et al. 2021, “A Case Report of Kratom-Induced Psychosis,” leading to an allergic reaction-like response in some individuals.
• Kratom users often experience muscle aches and discomfort, which is a direct result of prolonged use or withdrawal. These aches are similar to the muscle pain associated with opioid withdrawal.
• Frequent gastrointestinal issues, such as nausea and vomiting, are common among kratom users. According to Singh V, Mulla N, Wilson JL, Umansky A, Lee J, Stead T, Ganti L., et al. 2020, “Intractable nausea and vomiting in naïve ingestion of kratom for analgesia” gastrointestinal issues occur due to kratom’s effects on the digestive system, where it irritates the stomach lining and disrupt normal digestive processes.
• Kratom slows down the digestive tract, leading to difficulty in bowel movements. Chronic constipation is a typical side effect, mirroring the effects seen with other opioids.
• A runny nose is a common withdrawal symptom. When a person stops taking kratom, the body goes through a period of adjustment, and symptoms similar to a cold or flu manifest.
• Excessive sleepiness and sedation are prominent effects, especially at higher doses. The sedative effect impairs daily functioning and increases the risk of accidents.
• Frequent urination is another physical symptom observed in kratom users. The alkaloids in kratom affect the kidneys and bladder, leading to more frequent urges to urinate as discussed by Hossain R, Sultana A, Nuinoon M, Noonong K, Tangpong J, Hossain KH, Rahman MA., et al. 2023, “A Critical Review of the Neuropharmacological Effects of Kratom: An Insight from the Functional Array of Identified Natural Compounds.”
• Users often experience a constant feeling of thirst or dry mouth. Kratom reduces saliva production, leading to this uncomfortable symptom.
• Kratom stimulates the cardiovascular system, increasing heart rate. This is alarming and uncomfortable, especially for users with preexisting heart conditions.
• Frequent seizures are a major withdrawal symptom. As the body adapts to the absence of kratom, temperature regulation is affected, resulting in chills and seizures, as discussed by Afzal H, Esang M, Rahman S., et al. 2020, “A Case of Kratom-induced Seizures.”

Psychological Symptoms

Psychological symptoms of kratom addiction deeply affect an individual’s mental health and emotional stability. These symptoms often result from the drug’s impact on brain chemistry, leading to various mental health challenges. According to Nunez M B et al. 2022, “Kratom’s rising role in the potential exacerbation of mental health disorders: A case report and review of the literature,” identifying these psychological signs is essential for recognizing the need for professional support and treatment.

• Unpredictable mood changes are common in kratom users. The substance significantly impacts brain chemistry, leading to sudden shifts in emotional state.
• Increased feelings of worry and unease are frequently reported. Kratom’s effects on neurotransmitters exacerbate anxiety, especially during withdrawal periods.
• Persistent sadness or a lack of interest in activities occurs, particularly as the brain adjusts to the absence of kratom’s mood-enhancing effects. Long-term use leads to changes in brain function that contribute to depressive symptoms.
• A strong urge to use kratom is a hallmark of addiction. These cravings are overwhelming and difficult to manage without professional help.

Behavioral Changes

Behavioral changes are often the most noticeable signs of kratom addiction, affecting the user’s interactions and daily routines. These changes include compulsive behaviors, neglect of responsibilities, and social withdrawal, as pointed out by Yang B et al. 2023, “Adverse Psychological and Therapeutic Effects of Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa) Use: A Systematic Review.” Recognizing these behavioral symptoms is crucial for identifying addiction and initiating steps toward recovery.

• The inability to control kratom intake is a significant indicator of addiction. Users find themselves consuming kratom more frequently and in larger amounts than intended.
• Engaging in unsafe activities to obtain or use kratom is common. This includes illegal activities, neglect of personal safety, or taking dangerous amounts of the substance.
• Ignoring work, school, or family obligations is a typical behavioral sign. The compulsion to use kratom overshadows responsibilities and commitments, leading to significant life disruptions.
• Isolating from friends and family is often seen in addicted individuals. The preoccupation with obtaining and using kratom leads to withdrawal from social interactions and a decline in personal relationships.

What Causes Kratom Addiction?

Kratom addiction is caused by a combination of personal history, external influences, and co-existing mental health conditions rather than a single factor. Recognizing these contributing factors is crucial for understanding and addressing the origins of kratom addiction in individuals.

Personal History

Personal history plays a significant role in the development of kratom addiction. Genetic predispositions and age-related vulnerabilities influence how individuals respond to substances like kratom. Family history of addiction increases susceptibility, while younger age groups, particularly those in early adulthood, are more prone to experimentation and subsequent dependence.

Genetic Predisposition

A family history of addiction significantly increases the likelihood of developing kratom addiction. According to Ducci F, Goldman D., et al. 2012, “The genetic basis of addictive disorders,” genetic factors play a crucial role in how individuals respond to substances like kratom, influencing susceptibility and the severity of addiction.

Age

Younger individuals, particularly those between 18 and 25 years old, are more vulnerable to experimenting with substances like kratom. This age group faces unique challenges related to brain development and social pressures, making them more susceptible to addictive behaviors.

External Factors and Stressors

External factors and stressors act as catalysts for kratom use and subsequent addiction. Life stressors, chronic pain, financial instability, and past trauma all contribute to the initiation and perpetuation of kratom dependence.

Life Stressors

Significant life changes, such as the loss of a job, divorce, or the death of a loved one, trigger the use of kratom as a coping mechanism. Kratom’s mood-altering effects initially provide relief from stress and emotional pain, inadvertently leading to dependence.

Chronic Pain

People suffering from chronic physical pain turn to kratom for its purported analgesic properties. The substance’s ability to alleviate pain quickly leads to dependence if used as a long-term solution without medical supervision, as discussed by Prevete, E., Kuypers, K.P.C., Theunissen, E.L. et al. 2023, “Clinical Implications of Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa) Use: a Literature Review.”

Poverty

Financial stressors and living in impoverished conditions contribute to substance use disorders, including kratom addiction. Economic instability drives individuals to seek relief or escape through substance use.

Abuse History

Individuals who have experienced trauma, abuse, or neglect in the past are at a higher risk of developing substance use disorders. Kratom is used as a form of self-medication to cope with unresolved emotional issues stemming from past abuse.

Co-Occurring Mental Health Conditions

The presence of co-occurring mental health conditions significantly increases the risk of developing kratom addiction. Disorders such as anxiety, depression, bipolar disorder, ADHD, personality disorders, and schizophrenia interact with kratom’s effects, complicating treatment and recovery efforts.

Anxiety Disorders

People with anxiety disorders use kratom to alleviate symptoms of anxiety, such as excessive worry and tension. The substance’s sedative effects temporarily relieve stress, but prolonged use exacerbates symptoms and leads to dependency, as discussed by Grundmann O et al. 2023, “Correlations of Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa Korth.) Use Behavior and Psychiatric Conditions From a Cross-Sectional Survey.”

Depression

Those suffering from depression are drawn to kratom for its mood-enhancing properties. Kratom’s ability to elevate mood and energy levels provides temporary relief from feelings of sadness and hopelessness. However, this relief is often short-lived and leads to a cycle of increased use.

Bipolar Disorder, ADHD, Personality Disorders, Schizophrenia

Individuals with co-occurring mental health disorders are at heightened risk for kratom addiction. The complex interactions between kratom’s effects and the symptoms of these disorders complicate treatment and recovery efforts.

What are the Effects of Kratom Addiction?

Kratom addiction often leads to a range of short-term and long-term effects, impacting both physical health and mental well-being. These effects vary depending on the dosage and duration of kratom use. Understanding these consequences is crucial for recognizing and addressing addiction early.

Short-Term Effects

Short-term effects of kratom include:

• Euphoria: Brief periods of happiness and well-being.
• Increased Energy: Enhanced alertness and stamina.
• Sedation: Relaxation and drowsiness at higher doses.
• Nausea and Vomiting: Immediate gastrointestinal distress.
• Constipation: Difficulty with bowel movements.

Long-Term Effects

Long-term effects of kratom encompass:

• Dependence: The body becomes reliant on kratom to function normally.
• Withdrawal Symptoms: Painful physical and psychological symptoms when attempting to quit.
• Health Complications: Potential for liver damage, weight loss, and anorexia.
• Mental Health Issues: Worsening of anxiety and depression.

How to Know When It’s Time for Treatment?

When it’s time for treatment can be recognized by several signs, including:

• Compulsive Urges: Inability to control kratom use.
• Increasing Dosage: More substance is needed to achieve the same effect.
• Withdrawal Symptoms: Experiencing physical and psychological distress when not using kratom.
• Neglecting Responsibilities: Ignoring personal, professional, and social obligations.
• Risky Behavior: Engaging in dangerous activities to obtain or use kratom.

What are the Treatment Options for Kratom Addiction?

Treating kratom addiction involves a multifaceted approach that combines medical interventions with psychological support tailored to the individual’s specific needs. 

Medically-Assisted Treatment (MAT) for Kratom Addiction Treatment

Medically-assisted treatment (MAT) for Kratom Addiction offers a structured approach combining medication with behavioral therapies to effectively manage withdrawal symptoms and support long-term recovery from kratom dependence.

Medically-Assisted Treatment (MAT)	Details
Medical Detox	Gradual tapering of kratom use under medical supervision using FDA-approved medications to manage withdrawal symptoms effectively.
Inpatient Care	Structured residential programs with 24/7 medical supervision and therapeutic interventions for intensive detoxification and rehabilitation.
Outpatient Care	Flexible treatment programs include healthcare visits, psychotherapy, and support group participation for individuals to maintain daily responsibilities.

Psychotherapy for Kratom Addiction Treatment

Psychotherapy for Kratom Addiction Treatment involves various therapeutic approaches aimed at addressing the underlying causes of addiction, modifying destructive behaviors, and supporting recovery through counseling and behavioral interventions tailored to individual needs.

Psychotherapy	Details
Individual Counseling	Personalized sessions to explore underlying issues, manage cravings, and prevent relapse.
Group Therapy	A supportive environment for sharing experiences and fostering community among peers.
Behavioral Therapies	Techniques like CBT and MI change behaviors, promote healthier habits, and manage stress effectively.

What are the Benefits of Seeking Kratom Addiction Treatment?

Seeking Kratom addiction treatment offers benefits such as professional support to address underlying issues, guidance through withdrawal, and strategies for long-term recovery, enhancing overall well-being and quality of life.

• 24/7 medical support in a safe, trigger-free environment.
• Structured programs help establish healthy habits and provide stability.

• Balanced meals and physical activity support overall health and reduce drug cravings.
• Comprehensive care addresses both addiction and co-occurring mental health conditions.

• Compassionate medical professionals and fellow patients provide encouragement and understanding.
• Building connections with others on the same journey fosters hope and motivation.

Can kratom addiction lead to liver damage?

Yes, prolonged kratom use has been associated with potential liver damage, though individual susceptibility can vary.

Is kratom addiction treatable with medication?

Yes, medically-assisted treatment (MAT) involving FDA-approved medications can help manage withdrawal symptoms and support recovery.

How long does kratom withdrawal last?

Kratom withdrawal duration varies, but acute symptoms typically peak within 1-2 weeks, with longer-term psychological effects possible.

What are the legal implications of using kratom?

Kratom legality varies by region; in many places, it’s unregulated or legal but not approved for medical use by the FDA.

Can kratom addiction worsen mental health conditions like anxiety or depression?

Yes, kratom use can exacerbate underlying mental health issues, making professional treatment essential for dual diagnosis.