Depression: Symptoms, Effects, and Treatment

Depression, or major depressive disorder (MDD), is a health condition where a person feels persistently sad, hopeless, or empty. Depression affects people’s ability to enjoy life, work, and interact with others and goes beyond temporary sadness or a rough patch.

The symptoms of depression are varied and profound, including pervasive feelings of sadness, hopelessness, and diminished interest in activities once enjoyed. Common signs also encompass disruptions in sleep and appetite, fatigue, and trouble concentrating, according to an article by the National Institute of Mental Health, “Depression.” Recognizing these symptoms is crucial, as they provide critical indicators of a depressive disorder that necessitates timely and effective treatment.

The effects of depression extend far beyond emotional distress. It impairs cognitive function, leading to difficulties with concentration, decision-making, and memory. Depression also adversely impacts physical health, contributing to chronic pain, fatigue, and disruptions in sleep and appetite, according to an article by Chand SP, Arif H., et al. 2023, “Depression.” Additionally, it affects social interactions and employment, leading to isolation and decreased productivity.

Treatment options for depression are comprehensive, including therapies such as Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) and Interpersonal Therapy (IPT), medications like Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs) and Serotonin-norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors (SNRIs), and complementary medicine approaches such as yoga and meditation, according to a study by Duval F, Lebowitz BD, Macher JP. et al. 2006, “Treatments in depression.” Exploring a combination of these treatments yields the most effective results in managing and overcoming depressive disorders.

What is Depression?

Depression, also known as depressive disorder, major depressive disorder (MDD), or clinical depression, is a mental health disorder characterized by a persistent feeling of sadness or loss of interest in most activities. Depression is characterized by persistent sadness, hopelessness, and a lack of interest or pleasure in almost all activities, according to a study by Rondón JE et al. 2018, “Depression: A Review of its Definition.”

Depression is more than just feeling sad or going through a rough patch; it is a real illness that has severe consequences on one’s physical and mental health. It affects individuals differently, but common symptoms include changes in sleep patterns, appetite, energy levels, concentration, daily behavior, or self-esteem, according to an article by the National Institute of Mental Health, “Depression.” Depression is also associated with thoughts of suicide or self-harm, making it a critical condition that requires professional intervention.

This mood disorder affects anyone, regardless of age, gender, or background. Depression is diagnosed when symptoms persist for at least two weeks and interfere with a person’s ability to function in their everyday life. Various factors, including genetic, biological, environmental, and psychological, contribute to the onset of depression.

About 27.2% of the global population is suffering from depression, according to a study by Salari, N., Heidarian, P., Hosseinian-Far, A. et al. 2024, “Global Prevalence of Anxiety, Depression, and Stress Among Patients with Skin Diseases: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.” In the United States, an estimated 21 million adults in the U.S. had at least one major depressive episode in 2020, representing about 8.4% of all U.S. adults, according to the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) “Depression.” Data from the New Jersey Department of Health indicates that approximately 7.2% of adults in the state experience depression, underscoring the widespread impact of this mental health disorder.

What are the Symptoms of Depression?

The most observed signs and symptoms of depression are pervasive feelings of sadness, a loss of interest in previously enjoyed activities, and consequential changes in sleep and appetite. These symptoms affect various aspects of daily life, from personal relationships to work performance, and are key indicators of major depressive disorder.

The most common symptoms of depression, according to an article by National Institute of Mental Health, “Depression,” are given below:

• An ongoing feeling of emptiness or hopelessness that does not seem to lift.
• A significant decrease in the ability to find pleasure or enjoyment in once enjoyable activities.
• Either insomnia (difficulty sleeping) or hypersomnia (excessive sleeping) impacts daily functioning.
• Noticeable weight loss or gain due to substantial changes in eating habits.
• A constant feeling of tiredness or lack of energy, even after rest.
• Trouble focusing, making decisions, or remembering details interferes with daily tasks.
• Overwhelming feelings of inadequacy or inappropriate guilt.
• Thoughts of death or self-harm, which is indicative of severe depression symptoms.

Psychological Symptoms of Depression

Psychological symptoms of depression impact a person’s mental and emotional state, affecting how they think, feel, and interact with others. These symptoms manifest as persistent negative thoughts and emotional disturbances impairing daily functioning. 

The psychological symptoms of depression include:

• Persistent Sadness: Persistent sadness is characterized by a continuous feeling of being down or empty that persists for most of the day, nearly every day, and lasts for weeks or longer. This symptom significantly impacts one’s ability to engage in and enjoy daily activities, overshadowing all aspects of life. The severity of persistent sadness is profound, leading to a pervasive sense of hopelessness and diminished motivation known as depression, according to an article by WebMD 2024, “Dysthymia (Persistent Depressive Disorder).” Individuals experiencing sadness find it challenging to concentrate on tasks, maintain relationships, or participate in activities they once enjoyed. Persistent sadness disrupts daily functioning and leads to withdrawal from social and occupational roles. Sadness is triggered by ongoing stress, loss, or significant life changes. Psychotherapy, medication, and support from loved ones help individuals with excessive and persistent feelings of sadness, though overcoming persistent sadness is a gradual process requiring consistent treatment and self-care.
• Loss of Interest: Loss of interest, also known as anhedonia, manifests as a marked reduction in pleasure or interest in activities that were previously enjoyable, such as hobbies, social interactions, or personal achievements. This symptom of depression affects a person’s daily life by leading to social withdrawal and decreased motivation, according to an article published by Health Direct 2023, “Losing interest.” The severity of anhedonia varies, but it leads to a noticeable decline in social and occupational functioning. Individuals experience diminished interest nearly daily, and this feeling lasts for weeks to months. Ongoing stress, unresolved grief, or a lack of positive reinforcement trigger anhedonia, which is managed using therapy aimed at rekindling interests or gradual exposure to previously enjoyable activities, according to Health Direct.
• Difficulty Concentrating: Difficulty concentrating involves significant problems with focusing, making decisions, or remembering information, severely impacting work or academic performance. This symptom contributes to increased frustration, feelings of incompetence, and reduced productivity, according to a study by Keller AS, Leikauf JE, Holt-Gosselin B, et al. 2019, “Paying attention to attention in depression.” The severity of concentration issues ranges from mild distractions to complete cognitive impairments that hinder daily functioning. Individuals experience these difficulties frequently, nearly daily, which persist for weeks or longer. Lack of concentration is triggered by overwhelming stress, anxiety, or the cumulative effects of depressive symptoms. Cognitive-behavioral strategies help improve focus, while medication addresses underlying depressive symptoms to alleviate lack of concentration. However, overcoming difficulty concentrating requires addressing the root causes of depression and implementing effective coping strategies.
• Excessive Guilt: Excessive guilt is characterized by an overwhelming and disproportionate sense of guilt or worthlessness that far exceeds what is warranted by the situation. This symptom of depression leads to self-blame and intense negative self-evaluation, significantly impacting emotional well-being according to a study by Pulcu E, Zahn R, Elliott R., et al. 2013, “The role of self-blaming moral emotions in major depression and their impact on social-economical decision making.” The severity of guilt is debilitating, resulting in persistent self-critical thoughts and a pervasive sense of inadequacy. Individuals frequently feel guilty, nearly daily, with chronic guilt persisting for weeks or months. Guilt is triggered when a person perceives failures, evaluates personal mistakes, or has high self-expectations. Excessive guilt is treated using cognitive restructuring through psychotherapy that challenges and changes negative thought patterns, as well as through supportive relationships that provide reassurance and perspective.
• Hopelessness: Hopelessness is a pervasive and persistent belief that circumstances will not improve, leading to a deep despair. This symptom of depression severely impacts motivation, making it difficult to engage in self-care or seek help, according to an article by WebMD 2024, “Warning Signs of Severe Depression.” individuals feel hopeless withdrawal from daily activities and relationships and worsening their depressive state, with feelings of hopelessness occurring nearly every day and lasting for extended periods. Hopelessness in depression is chronic, extending for weeks to months, and is triggered by ongoing stress, unresolved issues, or a lack of positive change. Hopelessness is treated through therapeutic interventions that foster hope and optimism. Setting achievable goals and connecting with supportive individuals who provide encouragement and hope for the future also help alleviate hopelessness and depression.
• Irritability: Irritability involves increased sensitivity to minor stressors and a tendency to become easily agitated or angry. Irritability strains personal relationships and complicates the management of daily stressors, leading to heightened emotional distress, according to a study by Vidal-Ribas P, Stringaris A., et al. 2021, “How and Why Are Irritability and Depression Linked?” The severity of irritability is significant, affecting interactions with others and overall emotional stability. Frequency is high, with irritability occurring regularly and impacting daily functioning. Individuals suffering from depression feel angry and irritated because of chronic stress, frustration, or perceived lack of control, according to Vidal’s study. Irritability is effectively managed by stress management techniques, relaxation exercises, and therapy to address underlying issues contributing to irritability. However, managing irritability requires addressing both the immediate stressors and the broader context of depressive symptoms.
• Suicidal Thoughts: Suicidal thoughts refer to contemplations of death or self-harm, ranging from fleeting ideas to detailed plans. This severe symptom of depression indicates a critical need for immediate intervention and professional help, according to an article by Jed Foundation, “What Is the Connection Between Depression and Suicide?” The impact of suicidal thoughts is profound, as they signify a high level of emotional distress and risk. The severity of suicidal thoughts ranges from passive thoughts of wanting to die to active plans and intentions to harm oneself. Frequency varies, with thoughts occurring sporadically or persistently, and the duration is short-term or prolonged depending on the type of depression and severity of the disease. The suicidal thoughts are triggered because of overwhelming emotional pain, feelings of hopelessness, or significant life stressors. Individuals need immediate intervention by mental health professionals, crisis support, and emergency treatment to ensure safety and provide appropriate care. 

Physical Symptoms of Depression

Physical symptoms of depression affect the body and manifest in various ways, including changes in sleep patterns and physical pain, reflecting how deeply depression influences physical well-being.

The physical symptoms of depression include:

• Fatigue: Fatigue is a persistent and overwhelming sense of tiredness or lack of energy not alleviated by rest or sleep. This symptom of depression greatly impacts daily activities and productivity, making it challenging to perform routine tasks and engage in everyday responsibilities, according to a study by Targum SD, Fava M. et al. 2011, “Fatigue as a residual symptom of depression.” The study suggests that the severity of fatigue in depression is debilitating, leading to significant impairments in physical and cognitive functioning. Individuals experiencing fatigue struggle to maintain their usual activity levels, which heightens feelings of inadequacy and frustration. Individuals suffering from depression frequently experience fatigue throughout the day that lasts for weeks or longer if underlying depressive symptoms are not addressed. Triggers for fatigue include prolonged emotional stress, lack of adequate sleep, or continuous exposure to distressing situations. To alleviate fatigue due to depression, addressing the underlying depression through therapy, medication, and establishing a consistent routine to improve overall energy levels is essential.
• Changes in Sleep Patterns: Changes in sleep patterns include insomnia, characterized by difficulty falling or staying asleep, and hypersomnia, marked by excessive sleeping. These alterations in sleep are a sign of depression that affects an individual’s physical and mental health. Insomnia leads to increased feelings of fatigue, irritability, and impaired concentration, whereas hypersomnia results in further lethargy and reduced motivation, according to research conducted by Medina AB, Lechuga DA, et al. 2014, “Update of sleep alterations in depression.” The severity of these sleep disturbances is significant, according to the research, impacting daily functioning and exacerbating depressive symptoms. Around 70% of patients suffering from depression experience sleep disturbance that spans weeks or months, as suggested by the study by Medina. Sleep changes are triggered by underlying emotional distress, anxiety, or stress, contributing to a cyclical pattern where poor sleep worsens mood and vice versa. Sleep disturbances are manageable by implementing sleep hygiene practices, cognitive-behavioral therapy for insomnia, or medication to manage both sleep disturbances and depression.
• Appetite Changes: Appetite changes involve significant alterations in eating behavior, manifesting as either increased appetite leading to weight gain or decreased appetite resulting in weight loss. These changes are closely linked to depression, impacting physical health and self-esteem, according to an editorial published by Psychiatry Online, “Appetite Changes in Depression.” The severity of appetite changes in depression varies from person to person, but they lead to noticeable fluctuations in body weight and overall health. Individuals with increased appetite experience guilt and physical discomfort, while those with decreased appetite face nutritional deficiencies and weakened energy levels. The frequency of appetite changes in depression is high, with appetite changes being a consistent part of the daily experience and lasting for weeks or longer. This symptom extends if the underlying depression remains untreated since emotional stress, hormonal imbalances, or medication side effects trigger it. To alleviate depression-related appetite changes, one needs to get nutritional counseling, therapy to address underlying depressive symptoms, and lifestyle adjustments to support healthy eating patterns.
• Physical Aches and Pains: Physical aches and pains refer to unexplained or chronic discomforts such as headaches, back pain, or joint pain that do not have a clear medical cause. These symptoms are persistent in people with depression and significantly impact daily functioning and quality of life, according to an article by Trivedi MH. et al. 2004, “The link between depression and physical symptoms.” Physical discomfort in depression ranges from mild, intermittent pain to severe, depending on the severity of the underlying depressive disorder. Depression frequently causes physical aches and pains that last for months or even years if not addressed. These physical symptoms are linked to the emotional strain and stress associated with depression, as chronic emotional distress manifests as physical pain. Prolonged stress, emotional upheavals, and unresolved depressive symptoms worsen the physical pains in depression. Addressing the underlying depression through therapy, medication, and pain management strategies helps reduce the impact of physical discomfort.
• Digestive Issues: Digestive issues encompass problems such as nausea, constipation, or diarrhea without a clear gastrointestinal cause, including functional dyspepsia (FD), irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), reflux esophagitis, peptic ulcer disease, adenoma and carcinoma of the stomach and colon. These symptoms further complicate the physical and emotional impact of depression, affecting overall health and comfort, according to Lee SP, Sung IK, et al. 2015, “The effect of emotional stress and depression on the prevalence of digestive diseases.” The severity of digestive issues ranges from mild discomfort to significant disruption of daily activities and well-being, potentially worsening over time. If the underlying depression is not effectively managed, digestive issues last for weeks or months. Emotional stress, anxiety, or changes in appetite and eating patterns associated with depression trigger gastrointestinal discomfort. To effectively manage digestive issues, dietary adjustments and practicing stress management techniques are known to help. Therapy and medication also help to alleviate both emotional and physical symptoms caused by depression.

Social Symptoms of Depression

Social symptoms of depression involve changes in how individuals interact with others and their participation in social activities. These symptoms lead to isolation and affect relationships, making it challenging for individuals to maintain their usual social roles and connections. 

The social symptoms of depression include:

• Social Withdrawal: Social withdrawal is characterized by a noticeable decrease in social interactions, including avoiding friends, family, and previously enjoyed activities. In the context of depression, this symptom has profound implications, leading to heightened feelings of loneliness and worsening the depressive state by reducing social support, according to a study by Ge L, Yap CW, et al. 2017, “Social isolation, loneliness and their relationships with depressive symptoms: A population-based study.” Social withdrawal significantly impairs an individual’s ability to maintain relationships and engage in community or social activities, contributing to a deepening of depressive symptoms leading to a habit of avoiding people forever, particularly if the underlying depression is not addressed. The study suggests that social withdrawal is triggered when a person feels worthless and overwhelmed with sadness while in a gathering. Gradual re-engagement with social activities, taking therapy sessions focused on improving social skills and relationships, and having support from understanding friends or family members help individuals overcome social withdrawal.
• Difficulty Maintaining Relationships: Difficulty maintaining relationships refers to struggles with effective communication, emotional expression, or conflict management with others. In the context of depression, these challenges exacerbate relationship strains, leading to misunderstandings, conflicts, and increased social isolation, according to an article by PsychCentral 2023, “How Depression Affects Relationships and What You Can Do.” Difficulties in creating and maintaining relationships significantly strain interactions and deteriorate personal connections. Individuals persistently experience issues in various relationships for as long as the depressive symptoms are present. Heightened emotional sensitivity, irritability, and a diminished capacity for empathy make it difficult for individuals to maintain a healthy relationship. This symptom of depression is effectively managed through relationship counseling, therapy to address communication skills and emotional regulation, and developing strategies to manage conflicts constructively, all of which help improve interpersonal dynamics and mitigate the impact of depressive symptoms.
• Decreased Interest in Social Activities: Decreased interest in social activities is defined by a loss of interest or pleasure in activities that were once engaging or fulfilling, such as hobbies, social gatherings, or community involvement. Within the context of depression, this symptom leads to further isolation and a reduced sense of connection with others, according to an article on MDD Connection, “The impact of depression on social life.” The impact of diminished interest is profound, as it contributes to a cycle of withdrawal and decreased engagement, worsening feelings of loneliness and hopelessness. This symptom frequently leads to a noticeable decline in participation in previously enjoyed activities over months or even longer, particularly if the underlying depressive condition remains untreated. Triggers include persistent low mood, lack of energy, or negative self-perceptions. Involving in enjoyable activities gradually helps individuals with depression to re-engage in structured social interactions and rekindle interest and motivation.

What are the Effects of Depression?

The effects of depression are profound and far-reaching, impacting multiple facets of life. According to an article published by the American Journal of Psychiatry in 2022, “Effects of Depression,” these cognitive issues significantly impair daily functioning and productivity, affecting an individual’s emotions, physical health, and social interactions. Depression affects mental and physical well-being in several key ways:

• Impaired Cognitive Function: Depression leads to difficulty concentrating, decision-making, and memory. 
• Emotional Distress: Persistent feelings of sadness, hopelessness, and irritability are common in depression, affecting emotional resilience and overall quality of life. 
• Physical Health Issues: Depression is linked to chronic pain, fatigue, and disruptions in sleep and appetite, which compound the emotional burden of the disorder. 
• Reduced Social Interaction: Social withdrawal and isolation frequently affect relationships and diminish support networks. This isolation worsens feelings of loneliness and despair.
• Impact on Employment and Productivity: Depression affects job performance and career progression, leading to absenteeism and decreased productivity, which strain financial stability.

What are the Side Effects of Depression on the Body?

Depression has a range of side effects on the body, according to an article by Chand SP, Arif H., et al. 2023, “Depression,” affecting various systems and functions, including brain, face, and memory:

• Physical Health Problems: Depression leads to chronic issues such as fatigue, changes in appetite, and sleep disturbances. These symptoms worsen physical health conditions and impair overall well-being.
• Increased Risk of Cardiovascular Diseases: Individuals with depression are at a higher risk of developing cardiovascular diseases, including heart disease and hypertension. Depression impacts stress hormones and inflammatory processes. The potential pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases combined with depression includes HPA axis disorder, inflammation, genetic factors, autonomic nervous dysfunction, 5-HT disorder, microRNA disorder, Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid disorder, intestinal flora disorder, etc., according to a literature review by Li X, Zhou J, et al. 2023, “Cardiovascular disease and depression: a narrative review.” According to this review, clinical and related research data have shown that cardiovascular disease and depression are highly correlated; the incidence of the cardiovascular disease combined with depression is higher, 17%–27%, and the cure rate is poor, less than 20%. 
• Weakened Immune System: Depression impairs immune function, making individuals more susceptible to infections and illnesses, according to research by Leonard BE. et al. 2010, “The concept of depression as a dysfunction of the immune system.” Research indicates that depression weakens the immune system, largely due to increased levels of stress hormones and inflammatory markers. Chronic stress and depression elevate proinflammatory cytokines and glucocorticoids, which not only affect mood but also impair immune function. These stress-induced changes lead to an imbalance in serotonin and increase the production of harmful substances that damage brain cells. As a result, the body’s immune response becomes less effective, making individuals more susceptible to infections and illnesses. 
• Functional Changes in the Brain: Depression leads to structural and functional changes in the brain. Depression is associated with reduced hippocampal volume, which impacts memory and emotional regulation, according to a study by Zhang FF and Peng W, et al. 2018, “Brain structure alterations in depression: Psychoradiological evidence.” Diffusion MRI studies reveal gray and white matter alterations across key brain regions, including the frontal lobe, hippocampus, and thalamus. These changes disrupt critical brain circuits, suggesting complex pathophysiology and potential diagnostic improvements through neuroimaging.
• Side Effect on the Face: Physical manifestations of depression include a tired, sullen appearance, with expressions of sadness and fatigue visible. This leads to changes in facial expressions and reduced facial animation, according to an article by Healthline 2020, “What Are the Effects of Stress on Your Face?” The article suggests depression causes wrinkles, dry skin, acne, under-eye bags, rashes, sore lips, and face flushing.
• Memory Loss: Depression is frequently linked with memory problems, including difficulties with concentration and recall. This is due to depression’s effects on brain regions involved in memory processing, such as the hippocampus, according to a study by Dillon DG and Pizzagalli DA. et al. 2018, “Mechanisms of Memory Disruption in Depression.” The study suggests that Unipolar depression impairs memory by disrupting recollection and favoring negative over positive memories. Chronic stress, a key trigger, suppresses hippocampal neurogenesis, inhibits dopamine neurons, and sensitizes the amygdala, leading to poor pattern separation, impaired memory consolidation, and heightened fear responses. These effects collectively contribute to memory disruptions in depression.

What are the Side Effects of Depression on the Mind?

The primary side effect of Depression on the mind is impaired cognitive function, where individuals experience difficulties with concentration, decision-making, and problem-solving. This cognitive impairment is associated with changes in brain structure, such as reduced hippocampal volume, which negatively impacts memory and learning abilities, according to a study by Perini G, Cotta Ramusino M, et al. 2019, “Cognitive impairment in depression: recent advances and novel treatments.” Persistent feelings of hopelessness and worthlessness are also common, which aggravate depressive symptoms and contribute to a negative self-image. 

Emotional numbness is another effect, where individuals struggle to feel joy or pleasure, a condition known as anhedonia. This emotional detachment leads to withdrawal from activities and relationships that previously provided satisfaction. Furthermore, constant rumination or dwelling on negative thoughts perpetuates the depressive cycle, making it harder to break free from negative thinking patterns. 

What Are the Treatments for Depression?

The treatments for depression include therapies, medications, complementary medicine, and brain stimulation therapies, each offering unique benefits and approaches to alleviating symptoms, according to a study by Duval F, Lebowitz BD, and Macher JP. et al. 2006, “Treatments in depression.” These treatments aim to address the various facets of depression, from its psychological roots to its physical manifestations, providing a comprehensive strategy for recovery.

The main treatment options for Depression are:

Therapies

Therapies encompass a range of psychological interventions that are structured and goal-oriented, focusing on the present and future rather than past experiences. They are designed to address the cognitive and emotional aspects of depression. Therapies are effective in helping individuals identify and change negative thought patterns and behaviors that contribute to their depressive state, according to an article by WebMD 2024, “Psychotherapy for Depression.”
The following types of therapies are used to address depression:

• Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) aims to modify negative thought patterns and behaviors; it is particularly effective in treating depression by changing how individuals perceive and respond to their environment.
• Interpersonal Therapy (IPT) focuses on improving interpersonal relationships and communication skills; it addresses issues related to role disputes, grief, and social isolation.
• Psychodynamic Therapy explores unconscious processes and past experiences that influence current behavior, helping individuals gain insight into their emotional struggles.

Medication

Medication involves the use of pharmaceuticals to manage the symptoms of depression in conjunction with other forms of treatment. Antidepressants are the primary class of drugs prescribed for this condition, working to balance neurotransmitters in the brain that affect mood and emotional state, according to a study by National Health Service UK 2021, “Overview – Antidepressants.”

The following drugs are used for treating depression:

• Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs) increase serotonin levels in the brain, which helps improve mood. They are commonly prescribed due to their relatively mild side effects profile.
• Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake Inhibitors (SNRIs) affect serotonin and norepinephrine levels; they are used when SSRIs are ineffective.
• Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors (MAOIs) target monoamine oxidase enzymes that break down neurotransmitters; they are used less frequently due to dietary restrictions and potential side effects.

Complementary Medicine

Complementary medicine includes alternative approaches alongside conventional treatments to enhance overall well-being and support recovery. Practices such as acupuncture, yoga, and meditation are employed to address the holistic aspects of depression, including stress reduction and emotional balance; according to research by Nahas R., Sheikh O., et al. 2011, “Complementary and alternative medicine for the treatment of the major depressive disorder. “

According to research, the following complementary medicines are used to manage symptoms of depression:

• Acupuncture involves inserting fine needles into specific points on the body to relieve symptoms. It is believed to help balance energy and reduce stress.
• Yoga combines physical postures, breathing exercises, and meditation to reduce stress and improve emotional regulation.
• Meditation focuses on mindfulness and relaxation techniques; it helps manage stress and enhance self-awareness.
• St John’s wort and regular exercise also appear effective in the treatment of depression.

Brain Stimulation Therapy

Brain stimulation therapy includes techniques that directly influence brain activity to alleviate symptoms of depression. These therapies are considered when other treatments have been ineffective or when severe depression is present, according to an article by WebMD 2023, “Brain Stimulation Therapies to Treat Depression.”

• Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) involves sending electrical currents through the brain to induce controlled seizures; it is effective for severe depression, particularly when other treatments fail.
• Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) uses magnetic fields to stimulate nerve cells in the brain. It is non-invasive and used for patients who do not respond to antidepressants.

Life Style Changes

In addition to the treatment options mentioned above, lifestyle changes such as exercise, nutrition, and social support play a crucial role in managing depression. Exploring a combination of these treatments yields the most effective results, addressing the condition from multiple angles and enhancing the likelihood of a successful recovery.

How do you overcome depression without medication?

Overcoming depression without medication involves a combination of therapeutic approaches, lifestyle changes, and supportive strategies, with Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) as the most effective option, according to an article by WebMD 2022, “Does Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Treat Depression? Techniques such as mindfulness meditation, regular exercise, and healthy diet changes are effective in managing depression. Additionally, engaging in social support networks and setting achievable goals significantly improve emotional well-being.

What are the main causes of depression?

The main causes of depression involve a combination of biological, psychological, and environmental factors, according to a literature review by Remes O, Mendes JF, Templeton P., et al. 2021, “Biological, Psychological, and Social Determinants of Depression: A Review of Recent Literature.” The review found that biological factors contributing to depression include physical health conditions, genetic predispositions, microbiome imbalances, inflammation, and stress-related HPA axis dysfunction. Physical health issues like cancer and diabetes increase depression risk, while genetic factors involve specific gene polymorphisms linked to mood disorders. The gut microbiome influences brain function and inflammation, potentially affecting mental health. Inflammation, driven by cytokines like TNF-alpha, is also associated with depressive symptoms. Stress and HPA axis dysregulation impact brain function and vulnerability to depression. Additionally, the kynurenine pathway and cognitive decline are related to depression, with cognitive deficits and low cognitive ability increasing risk. Psychological factors such as negative self-concept, rumination, and neuroticism also cause depression, while social determinants like education, income, and adverse childhood experiences further impact mental health, with varying effects across different populations.

What are the risk factors of depression?

The risk factors of depression are genetic predisposition and significant life changes or stressors, which trigger depressive episodes, according to an article by PsychCentral 2021, “What Are the Risk Factors for Depression?” The article states that depression affects about 1 in 15 people in any given year. Having a close family member, such as a parent or sibling with depression, increases the risk of developing depression by 2 to 3 times. 62.5% of the participants with Depression reported more than 2 traumatic events, compared with 28.4% of participants in the healthy control group, according to a study by Williams LM, Debattista C, et al. 2016, “Childhood trauma predicts antidepressant response in adults with major depression: data from the randomized international study to predict optimized treatment for depression.” Other risk factors include chronic medical conditions and substance abuse, both of which aggravate or contribute to the development of depression.

What are the types of depression?

The types of depression include atypical depression, bipolar depression, seasonal affective disorder, and premenstrual syndrome. 

Atypical Depression is marked by mood reactivity, meaning that the individual’s mood improves in response to positive events. This type includes symptoms such as increased appetite, excessive sleepiness, and a heavy feeling in the limbs. The DSM-5 recognizes atypical depression as a specifier for Major Depressive Disorder, emphasizing its distinctive symptoms and treatment approaches according to a study by Singh T, Williams K. et al. 2006, “Atypical depression.” The study suggests atypical depression has a high prevalence rate, around 40%, starts early in life, tends to last longer, and is more likely to occur in people with bipolar disorder. Atypical depression has a high comorbidity of anxiety disorders, carries more risk of suicidal behavior, and has distinct personality psychopathology and biological traits.

Bipolar Disorder involves alternating episodes of depression and mania or hypomania. During manic episodes, individuals experience elevated mood, increased activity, and risky behavior. The depressive episodes in bipolar disorder are similar to those of unipolar depression but occur in conjunction with periods of mania or hypomania. This disorder is classified into Bipolar I and Bipolar II types based on the severity and duration of the manic episodes, according to an article by the National Institute of Mental Health, “Bipolar Disorder.” 

Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD) is characterized by depressive symptoms that occur seasonally during the winter months when there is reduced sunlight. Symptoms include low energy, weight gain, and social withdrawal. They are found to be linked to changes in light exposure, affecting circadian rhythms and melatonin levels, according to a study by Munir S, Gunturu S, Abbas M. et al. 2024, “Seasonal Affective Disorder.” The use of light therapy has been shown to alleviate symptoms for many individuals with this disorder, according to Munir’s study.

Lastly, Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS) involves depressive symptoms that occur in the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle before menstruation. Symptoms of PMS include mood swings, irritability, and depressive mood, which resolve with the onset of menstruation. 

When these symptoms are severe and interfere significantly with daily functioning, they are diagnosed as Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD), a more severe form of PMS, as studied by Tiranini L, Nappi RE. et al. 2022, “Recent advances in understanding/management of premenstrual dysphoric disorder/premenstrual syndrome.”